Displacement maps. Also if you can ask here, you can use google to get a much more refined answer by just searching "glitch effect how to in (whatever program)"

Im assuming youre a zoomer and dont know google exists, in which case, die

>>462551
There's different types, the best ones are made for posters or titles from scratch by experimenting with typography and even programming or drawings, example:
https://vimeo.com/118998266

The ones you posted are kinda generic, if you want to learn just download premade from psdkeys or creativemarket and dissect them either on photoshop or aftereffects, for Ae you can stack all crazy effects and animate them pretty easily.

>>462551
if you want to have procedural control I really like using TouchDesigner for these. And as said above, displacement. You will also need to do the chromatic aberration effect. You can separate your color image into RGB and then slightly transform them and recombine.